مقایسۀ هوش هیجانی و کارکردهای شناختی در بیماران روان‌پزشکی با افراد بهنجار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی دانشگاه شیراز

2 دانشیار بخش روان‌شناسی بالینی دانشگاه شیراز

3 استاد بخش روان‌شناسی بالینی دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

چکیده
هدف: هدف این پژوهش مقایسه هوش هیجانی بیماران روانزشکی و افراد بهنجار و بررسی اثر هوش هیجانی بر عملکرد شناختی بود. روش: این پژوهش از نوع طرح‌های علی- مقایسه‌ای بود. تعداد ۲۵ بیمار اسکیزوفرن منفی، ۲۵ بیمار اسکیزوفرن مثبت، ۲۵ بیمار افسرده و ۲۵ نفر بهنجار که بر اساس جنسیت، سن و سواد همتا شده بودند در این مطالعه شرکت کردند. نمونه بالینی به شیوه نمونه‌گیری در دسترس از میان بیماران بیمارستان‌های اعصاب و روان شهر شیراز انتخاب شد. علائم مثبت و منفی بیماران با استفاده از مقیاس آندریازن و الزن (١۹٨۲) ارزیابی شد. کارکردهای شناختی با استفاده از آزمون های استروپ، دسته بندی کارت‌های ویسکانسین و آزمون سیالی کلامی اندازه گیری شد. از پرسشنامه ویژگی‌های هوش هیجانی پترایدز و فورنام (۲۰۰۱) برای سنجش هوش هیجانی آزمودنی ها استفاده شد. آزمودنی‌ها به دو گروه با هوش هیجانی بالا و هوش هیجانی پایین تقسیم شد. یافته‌ها: یافته ها حاکی از معنادار نبودن تفاوت هوش هیجانی بین گروه‌های بیمار بود، اما تفاوت هوش هیجانی هر سه گروه بیمار، با گروه بهنجار معنادار بود. از طرف دیگر میزان هوش هیجانی (بالا و پایین) اثری بر عملکرد آزمودنی ها در آزمون های شناختی نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: بین سلامت روان و هوش هیجانی ارتباط وجود دارد، اما علی رغم وجود مناطق مغزی مشترک که در ارتباط با هوش هیجانی و فعالیت های شناختی قرار دارند، میزان هوش هیجانی بر اختلالات شناختی اثر قابل ملاحظه ای ندارد

تازه های تحقیق

بشارت، محمدعلی (١٣٨۴). بررسی تأ‌ثیر هوش هیجانی بر کیّفیت روابط اجتماعی، فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناختی‌، ١ (۲): ۲۵-٣۸.

زاده محمدی، علی و مجد تیموری، محمد (١٣٨٠). بررسی اثر موسیقی درمان­گری بر علایم منفی و مثبت بیماران روان‌گسیخته، مجله روان‌شناسی، ٥ (٣): ۲۴٩-۲٣٨.

رحیمی، چنگیز (١٣٩٣). کاربرد پرسشنامه افسردگی بک – ۲ در دانشجویان ایرانی، روان‌شناسی بالینی و شخصیت، ۲ (١٠):١۷٣-١٨٨.

محمود علیلو، مجید.، حمیدی، صمد و شیروانی، امیر (١٣٩٠). مقایسه کارکردهای اجرایی و توجه پایدار در دانشجویان دارای علائم وسواسی- اجباری، اسکیزوتایپی بالا و علائم همپوش با گروه بهنجار، مجله علوم رفتاری، ٩ (٣): ۲١۶-۲۲٠.

فتی، لادن.، موتابی، فرشته.، شکیبا، شیما و باروتی، عصمت (١٣٨۷). مؤلّفه‌های هوش هیجانی ـ اجتماعی به عنوان پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های سلامت روان. فصلنامه مطالعات روان‌شناختی، ۴‌(۲): ١٠١-١۲۴.

قرایی، منوچهر (١٣٨۶). بررسی عملکرد نوروسایکولوژیک و ارتباط آن با عملکرد روانی-اجتماعی و متغیرهای بالینی در اختلالات دو قطبی، فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی‌، ٣‌(١): ۷١-٨۲.

کرم قدیری، نرگس.، قاسم زاده، حبیب الله و براهنی، محمد نقی (١٣٨٥). بررسی مقایسه‌ای فرایندهای عالی شناختی در بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنیای حاد و مزمن با افراد بهنجار: رویکرد نوروپسیکولوژیک. مقاله چاپ شده در کتاب نورو پسیکولوژی شناختی، صص١٩۷-۲٠۶، قاسم زاده،حبیب الله، تهران: ارجمند.

نادری، نصرا.. (١٣۷٥). بررسی پردازش اطلاعات و برخی از عملکردهای نوروپسیکولوژی مبتلایان به اختلال وسواس فکری عملی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی. انیسیتو روان‌پزشکی. تهران.

نیک بخت، علی (١٣٨۴). اختلال‌‌‌های شخصیت و هوش هیجانی در سوء مصرف‌کنندگان مواد. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه شیراز.

نوروزی چهارقلعه، پرستو.، هاشمی‌آذر، ژانت و صرامی فروشانی، غلامرضا (١٣٩۴). مقایسة عملکرد عصب روان‌شناختی دانش‌آموزان دختر آزاردیدة هیجانی و عادی، فصلنامه مطالعات روان‌شناختی، ١١ (١):۷-۲۴.

Alipour, A., Arefnasab, Z. & Babamahmoodi, A. (2011). Emotional Intelligence and Prefrontal Cortex: a Comparative Study Based on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Iranian Journal of Behavioral Science, 5(2): 114-119.

Andreasen, N. C. & Olsen, S. (1982). Negative versus positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(7): 789-794.

Aquirre, F., Sergi, M.J. & Levy, C.A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and social functioning in persons with schizotypy. Schizophre Res, 104(1-3): 255-264.

Backes, H., Dietsche, B., Nagels, A., Stratmann, M., Konrad, C., Kircher, T. & Krug, A. (2014). Increased neural activity during overt and continuous semantic verbal fluency in major depression: Mainly a failure to deactivate. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264, (7): 631-645.

Barbey, A.K., Colom, R. & Grafman, J. (2012). Disturbed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping. SCAN, 1-8. doi:10.1093/scan/nss124, 09.12.2012.  

Bar-On, R., Tranel, D., Denburg, N.L. & Bechara, A. (2003). Exploring the neurological substrate of emotional and social intelligence. Brain, 126(8): 1790-800.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996). The Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio,TX: Psychological Corporation.

Bento de Souza, I. B. M., Barbosa, F. F., Lacerda, A. M. & Torro-Alves, N. (2014). Evaluation of facial expressions in women with major depression: Is there a negative bias? Psychology & Neuroscience,  7(4): 513-519.

Benton, A. L. & Hamsher, K. (1976). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City: University of Iowa. (Manual, revisited, 1978).

Besharat, M. A. (2005). The effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relationships. Journal of Psychological Studies, 1(2): 25-38.

Christensen, B., Patrick, R. E., Stuss, D. T., Gillingham, S. & Zipursky, R. B. (2013). CE verbal episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia: A comparison with frontal lobe lesion patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(4): 647-666.

Ciarrochi, J., Scott, G., Dean, F. P. & Heaven, P. C. L. (2003).  Relation between social and emotional competence and mental health: a construct validation study. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8): 1947-1963.

Cobia, D. J., Smith, M.J., Wang, L. & Csernansky, J. G. (2012). Longitudinal progression of frontal and temporal lobe changes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 139(1-3): 1-6.

Dabson, K. S. & Mohamadkhani, P. (1386). Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition in a Sample of Major Depressive Patients. Rehabilitation in Psychological Disorders, 8(29): 80-86.

Fata, L., Mootabi, F., Shakiba, S. & Barooti, B. (2008). Social-Emotional intelligence as predictor of general mental health. Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(2): 101-124 (Text in Persian).

Garlinghouse, M.A., Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., Flashman, L. A. & Saykin, A.J. (2010). Subjective rating of working memory is associated with frontal lobe volume in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 120(1-3): 71-75.

Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N. & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric Properties of a Persian-Language Version of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4): 185–192.

Ghorabi, M. (2007). Neuropsychological function and its relationship with psychosocial function and clinical features in Bipolar Disorders. Journal of Psychological Studies, 3(1): 71-82 (Text in Persian).

Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking.  Journal of  General Psychology, 39, 15-22.

Hammar, A., Sorensen, L., Ardal, G., Oedegaard, K. J., Kroken, R., Roness, A. & Lund, A. (2010). Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: A test-retest study using the stroop paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(4): 304-308.

Hoffmann, M., Cases, L.B., Hoffmann, B. & Chen, R. (2010). The impact of stroke on emotional intelligence. BMC Neurol, 10. 103. Published online 2010 October 28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-103.

Iritani, S., Sekiguchi, H., Habuchi, C., Torii, Y., Kuroda, K., Kaibuchi, K. & Ozaki, N. (2016). Catecholaminergic neuronal network dysfunction in the frontal lobe of a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 28(2): 117-123.

Karam Ghadiri, N., Ghasemzadeh H. & Barahani, M. T. (2006). Comparative study of higher cognitive processes in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients and normal subjects: neuropsychological approach. In: Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2006, Ghasemzadeh H., Tehran, Arjmand, p. 197-206.

Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (2015). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. 7th Edition. New York: Worth Publishers.

Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological performance in obsessive- compulsive disorder: A Critical Review, Biological Psychology, 65(3): 185- 236.

Lezak, M. D. (2013).  Neuropsychological  Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lotzin, A., Haack-Dees, B., Resch, F., Romer, G. & Ramsauer, B. (2013). Facial emotional expression in schizophrenia adolescents during verbal interaction with a parent. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(6): 529-536.

Mahmoud Aliloo, M., Hamidi, S. &  Shirvani, A. (2011). Comparison of executive functions and sustained attention of students with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive, high schizotypal symptoms and overlapped symptoms with normal subjects. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(3): 216-220 (Text in Persian).

Marnat, G. (2016). Neuropsychological Assessment in Clinical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Naderi, N. (1997). Studying the information processing and some of the neuropsychological functions in patients with OCD. Master Degree Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, (Text in Persian).

Nikbakht, A. (2005). Emotional intelligence and personality disorders in substance abusers. Master Degree Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, (Text in Persian).

Noroozi Chahargahle, P., Hashemi Azar, J. & Sarami Foroshan, G. (2015). The comparison of neuropsychological function among emotionally abused and normal girl students. Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(1): 7-24(Text in Persian).

Nygard, M., Loberg, E., Craven, A.R., Ersland, L., Berle, J., Kroken, R.A., Johnsen, E. & Hugdahl, K. (2013). Dichotic listening, executive functions and grey matter cortical volume in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(6): 443-450.

Okruszek, L. & Rutkowska, A. (2013). Planning disorders in men with schizophrenia and in men with localized frontal lobe lesions. Psychiatria Polska, 47(5): 921-930.

Okruszek, L., Rutkowska, A. &  Wilinska, J. (2013). Clustering and switching strategies during the semantic fluency task in men with frontal lobe lesions and in men with schizophrenia. Psychology of Language and Communication, 17(1): 93-100.

Penades, R., Pujol, N., Catalan, R., Masana, G., Garcia-Rizo, C., Bargallo, N., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A., Vidal-Pineiro, D. &  Bernardo, M. J. (2016). Cortical thickness in regions of frontal and temporal lobes is associated with responsiveness to cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 171(1-3): 110-116.

Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6): 425–448.

Rahimi, C. (2001). Neuropsychological disorders and clinical symptoms in schizophrenic and depressive patients. Dissertation, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.

Rahimi, C., Hashemi, R. & Mohamadi, N. (2011). Differential diagnosis of cognitive disorders in Iranian psychiatric patients and healthy subjects. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(3): 99-105.

Rahimi, C. (2014). Utility of Beck depression Inventory in Iranian university students. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 2(10): 173-188 (Text in Persian).

Raynolds, J. L. (2009). An examination of the relationship between executive functioning and emotional intelligence in children with autism. Dissertation, Faculty of the California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, Sandiego.

Rose, E. J. & Ebmeier, K. P. (2006). Pattern of impaired working memory during major depression. Journal of Affective Disorder, 90(2-3): 149-161.

Simons, G., Ellgring, J. H., Beck-Dossler, K., Gaebel, W. & Wolwer, M. (2010). Facial expression in male and female schizophrenia patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260(3): 267-276.

Singh, Y. & Sharma, R. (2012). Relationship between general intelligence, emotional intelligemce, stress levels and stress reactivity. Annals of Neurosciences, 19 (3): 107-111.

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.

Szoke, A., Meary, A., Trandafir, A., Bellivier, F., Roy, I., Schurhoff, F. & Leboyer, M. (2008). Executive deficits in psychotic and bipolar disorders-Implications for our understanding of schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry, 23(1): 20-25.

Takei, Y., Suda, M., Aoyama, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Sakurai, N., Narita, K., Fukuda, M. & Mikuni, M. (2013). Temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia during face-to-face conversation: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(11): 1581-1589.

Vlarr, A. M. & Wade, D. T. (2003). Verbal fluency assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis: test-retest and inter-observer reliability. Clin Rehabil, 17(7): 756-64.

Walther, S., Vanbellingen, T., Müri, R., Strik, W. & Bohlhalter, S. (2013). Impaired pantomime in schizophrenia: Association with frontal lobe function. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 49(2): 520-527.

Watanabe, Y., Urakami, T., Hongo, S. & Ohtsubo, T. (2015). Frontal lobe function and social adjustment in patients with schizophrenia: Near‐infrared spectroscopy. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 30(1): 28-41.

Williams, M. R., Chaudhry, R., Perera, S., Hirsch, S. R., Ansorge, O., Thom, M. & Maier, M. (2013). Changes in cortical thickness in the frontal lobes in schizophrenia are a result of thinning of pyramidal cell layers. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(1): 25-39.

Xu-hui, F., Xiang, W., Shu-qiao, Y., & Xu-hui, F. (2006). A Comparative study of  neurocognitive function in schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(1): 31-32.

Zadmohamadi, A. & Timori, M. (2001). The effect of music therapy on Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychotic Patients. Journal of Psychology, 5(3): 238-249 (Text in Persian).

Zalla, T., Joyce, C., Czoke, A., Schurboff, F., Pillon, B., & Komano, O. (2004). Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 121, 207-217.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Emotional Intelligence and Cognitive Functions in Psychiatric Patients and Normal Subjects

نویسندگان [English]

  • Razieh Hashemi 1
  • Changiz Rahimi 2
  • Norolah Mohamadi 3
  • Jawad Molazadeh 2
1 Shiraz University/ Student
2 Shiraz University/ Associate Prof.
3 Shiraz University Professor
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Aim: The aim of present study was to compare emotional intelligence (EI) of psychiatric patients and normal subjects and to study the effect of EI on cognitive functions (CF). Methods: Research method was causative-comparative. Subjects included 25 schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms, 25 schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms, 25 depressive patients and 25 normal subjects who were all matched in terms of gender, age and level of education. The clinical participants were recruited from patients who attended in psychiatric hospitals in Shiraz, using convenience sampling method. Negative and positive symptoms were measured using Andreasen and Olsen's Scale (1982). CF was measured using Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Verbal Fluency Test. Petrides and Furnham’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (2001) was used to measure subjects’ EI. The subjects were divided into two groups of high and low EI. Results: Regarding EI, there was no significant difference between patient groups, but the difference between patient groups and normal subjects were significant. On the other hand, the rate of EI (high and low) had no effect on the performance of subjects in cognitive tests. Conclusion: There are a relationship between mental health and EI, but despite the common areas in brain which have a role to play in EI and CF, EI did not significantly affect cognitive functions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychiatric Patients
  • Cognitive Functions
  • emotional intelligence
بشارت، محمدعلی (١٣٨۴). بررسی تأ‌ثیر هوش هیجانی بر کیّفیت روابط اجتماعی، فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناختی‌، ١ (۲): ۲۵-٣۸.
زاده محمدی، علی و مجد تیموری، محمد (١٣٨٠). بررسی اثر موسیقی درمان­گری بر علایم منفی و مثبت بیماران روان‌گسیخته، مجله روان‌شناسی، ٥ (٣): ۲۴٩-۲٣٨.
رحیمی، چنگیز (١٣٩٣). کاربرد پرسشنامه افسردگی بک – ۲ در دانشجویان ایرانی، روان‌شناسی بالینی و شخصیت، ۲ (١٠):١۷٣-١٨٨.
محمود علیلو، مجید.، حمیدی، صمد و شیروانی، امیر (١٣٩٠). مقایسه کارکردهای اجرایی و توجه پایدار در دانشجویان دارای علائم وسواسی- اجباری، اسکیزوتایپی بالا و علائم همپوش با گروه بهنجار، مجله علوم رفتاری، ٩ (٣): ۲١۶-۲۲٠.
فتی، لادن.، موتابی، فرشته.، شکیبا، شیما و باروتی، عصمت (١٣٨۷). مؤلّفه‌های هوش هیجانی ـ اجتماعی به عنوان پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های سلامت روان. فصلنامه مطالعات روان‌شناختی، ۴‌(۲): ١٠١-١۲۴.
قرایی، منوچهر (١٣٨۶). بررسی عملکرد نوروسایکولوژیک و ارتباط آن با عملکرد روانی-اجتماعی و متغیرهای بالینی در اختلالات دو قطبی، فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی‌، ٣‌(١): ۷١-٨۲.
کرم قدیری، نرگس.، قاسم زاده، حبیب الله و براهنی، محمد نقی (١٣٨٥). بررسی مقایسه‌ای فرایندهای عالی شناختی در بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنیای حاد و مزمن با افراد بهنجار: رویکرد نوروپسیکولوژیک. مقاله چاپ شده در کتاب نورو پسیکولوژی شناختی، صص١٩۷-۲٠۶، قاسم زاده،حبیب الله، تهران: ارجمند.
نادری، نصرا.. (١٣۷٥). بررسی پردازش اطلاعات و برخی از عملکردهای نوروپسیکولوژی مبتلایان به اختلال وسواس فکری عملی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی. انیسیتو روان‌پزشکی. تهران.
نیک بخت، علی (١٣٨۴). اختلال‌‌‌های شخصیت و هوش هیجانی در سوء مصرف‌کنندگان مواد. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه شیراز.
نوروزی چهارقلعه، پرستو.، هاشمی‌آذر، ژانت و صرامی فروشانی، غلامرضا (١٣٩۴). مقایسة عملکرد عصب روان‌شناختی دانش‌آموزان دختر آزاردیدة هیجانی و عادی، فصلنامه مطالعات روان‌شناختی، ١١ (١):۷-۲۴.
Alipour, A., Arefnasab, Z. & Babamahmoodi, A. (2011). Emotional Intelligence and Prefrontal Cortex: a Comparative Study Based on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Iranian Journal of Behavioral Science, 5(2): 114-119.
Andreasen, N. C. & Olsen, S. (1982). Negative versus positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(7): 789-794.
Aquirre, F., Sergi, M.J. & Levy, C.A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and social functioning in persons with schizotypy. Schizophre Res, 104(1-3): 255-264.
Backes, H., Dietsche, B., Nagels, A., Stratmann, M., Konrad, C., Kircher, T. & Krug, A. (2014). Increased neural activity during overt and continuous semantic verbal fluency in major depression: Mainly a failure to deactivate. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264, (7): 631-645.
Barbey, A.K., Colom, R. & Grafman, J. (2012). Disturbed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping. SCAN, 1-8. doi:10.1093/scan/nss124, 09.12.2012.  
Bar-On, R., Tranel, D., Denburg, N.L. & Bechara, A. (2003). Exploring the neurological substrate of emotional and social intelligence. Brain, 126(8): 1790-800.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996). The Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio,TX: Psychological Corporation.
Bento de Souza, I. B. M., Barbosa, F. F., Lacerda, A. M. & Torro-Alves, N. (2014). Evaluation of facial expressions in women with major depression: Is there a negative bias? Psychology & Neuroscience,  7(4): 513-519.
Benton, A. L. & Hamsher, K. (1976). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City: University of Iowa. (Manual, revisited, 1978).
Besharat, M. A. (2005). The effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relationships. Journal of Psychological Studies, 1(2): 25-38.
Christensen, B., Patrick, R. E., Stuss, D. T., Gillingham, S. & Zipursky, R. B. (2013). CE verbal episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia: A comparison with frontal lobe lesion patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(4): 647-666.
Ciarrochi, J., Scott, G., Dean, F. P. & Heaven, P. C. L. (2003).  Relation between social and emotional competence and mental health: a construct validation study. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8): 1947-1963.
Cobia, D. J., Smith, M.J., Wang, L. & Csernansky, J. G. (2012). Longitudinal progression of frontal and temporal lobe changes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 139(1-3): 1-6.
Dabson, K. S. & Mohamadkhani, P. (1386). Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition in a Sample of Major Depressive Patients. Rehabilitation in Psychological Disorders, 8(29): 80-86.
Fata, L., Mootabi, F., Shakiba, S. & Barooti, B. (2008). Social-Emotional intelligence as predictor of general mental health. Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(2): 101-124 (Text in Persian).
Garlinghouse, M.A., Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., Flashman, L. A. & Saykin, A.J. (2010). Subjective rating of working memory is associated with frontal lobe volume in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 120(1-3): 71-75.
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N. & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric Properties of a Persian-Language Version of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4): 185–192.
Ghorabi, M. (2007). Neuropsychological function and its relationship with psychosocial function and clinical features in Bipolar Disorders. Journal of Psychological Studies, 3(1): 71-82 (Text in Persian).
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking.  Journal of  General Psychology, 39, 15-22.
Hammar, A., Sorensen, L., Ardal, G., Oedegaard, K. J., Kroken, R., Roness, A. & Lund, A. (2010). Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: A test-retest study using the stroop paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(4): 304-308.
Hoffmann, M., Cases, L.B., Hoffmann, B. & Chen, R. (2010). The impact of stroke on emotional intelligence. BMC Neurol, 10. 103. Published online 2010 October 28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-103.
Iritani, S., Sekiguchi, H., Habuchi, C., Torii, Y., Kuroda, K., Kaibuchi, K. & Ozaki, N. (2016). Catecholaminergic neuronal network dysfunction in the frontal lobe of a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 28(2): 117-123.
Karam Ghadiri, N., Ghasemzadeh H. & Barahani, M. T. (2006). Comparative study of higher cognitive processes in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients and normal subjects: neuropsychological approach. In: Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2006, Ghasemzadeh H., Tehran, Arjmand, p. 197-206.
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (2015). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. 7th Edition. New York: Worth Publishers.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological performance in obsessive- compulsive disorder: A Critical Review, Biological Psychology, 65(3): 185- 236.
Lezak, M. D. (2013).  Neuropsychological  Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lotzin, A., Haack-Dees, B., Resch, F., Romer, G. & Ramsauer, B. (2013). Facial emotional expression in schizophrenia adolescents during verbal interaction with a parent. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(6): 529-536.
Mahmoud Aliloo, M., Hamidi, S. &  Shirvani, A. (2011). Comparison of executive functions and sustained attention of students with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive, high schizotypal symptoms and overlapped symptoms with normal subjects. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(3): 216-220 (Text in Persian).
Marnat, G. (2016). Neuropsychological Assessment in Clinical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Naderi, N. (1997). Studying the information processing and some of the neuropsychological functions in patients with OCD. Master Degree Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, (Text in Persian).
Nikbakht, A. (2005). Emotional intelligence and personality disorders in substance abusers. Master Degree Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, (Text in Persian).
Noroozi Chahargahle, P., Hashemi Azar, J. & Sarami Foroshan, G. (2015). The comparison of neuropsychological function among emotionally abused and normal girl students. Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(1): 7-24(Text in Persian).
Nygard, M., Loberg, E., Craven, A.R., Ersland, L., Berle, J., Kroken, R.A., Johnsen, E. & Hugdahl, K. (2013). Dichotic listening, executive functions and grey matter cortical volume in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(6): 443-450.
Okruszek, L. & Rutkowska, A. (2013). Planning disorders in men with schizophrenia and in men with localized frontal lobe lesions. Psychiatria Polska, 47(5): 921-930.
Okruszek, L., Rutkowska, A. &  Wilinska, J. (2013). Clustering and switching strategies during the semantic fluency task in men with frontal lobe lesions and in men with schizophrenia. Psychology of Language and Communication, 17(1): 93-100.
Penades, R., Pujol, N., Catalan, R., Masana, G., Garcia-Rizo, C., Bargallo, N., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A., Vidal-Pineiro, D. &  Bernardo, M. J. (2016). Cortical thickness in regions of frontal and temporal lobes is associated with responsiveness to cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 171(1-3): 110-116.
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6): 425–448.
Rahimi, C. (2001). Neuropsychological disorders and clinical symptoms in schizophrenic and depressive patients. Dissertation, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
Rahimi, C., Hashemi, R. & Mohamadi, N. (2011). Differential diagnosis of cognitive disorders in Iranian psychiatric patients and healthy subjects. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(3): 99-105.
Rahimi, C. (2014). Utility of Beck depression Inventory in Iranian university students. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 2(10): 173-188 (Text in Persian).
Raynolds, J. L. (2009). An examination of the relationship between executive functioning and emotional intelligence in children with autism. Dissertation, Faculty of the California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, Sandiego.
Rose, E. J. & Ebmeier, K. P. (2006). Pattern of impaired working memory during major depression. Journal of Affective Disorder, 90(2-3): 149-161.
Simons, G., Ellgring, J. H., Beck-Dossler, K., Gaebel, W. & Wolwer, M. (2010). Facial expression in male and female schizophrenia patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260(3): 267-276.
Singh, Y. & Sharma, R. (2012). Relationship between general intelligence, emotional intelligemce, stress levels and stress reactivity. Annals of Neurosciences, 19 (3): 107-111.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
Szoke, A., Meary, A., Trandafir, A., Bellivier, F., Roy, I., Schurhoff, F. & Leboyer, M. (2008). Executive deficits in psychotic and bipolar disorders-Implications for our understanding of schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry, 23(1): 20-25.
Takei, Y., Suda, M., Aoyama, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Sakurai, N., Narita, K., Fukuda, M. & Mikuni, M. (2013). Temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia during face-to-face conversation: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(11): 1581-1589.
Vlarr, A. M. & Wade, D. T. (2003). Verbal fluency assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis: test-retest and inter-observer reliability. Clin Rehabil, 17(7): 756-64.
Walther, S., Vanbellingen, T., Müri, R., Strik, W. & Bohlhalter, S. (2013). Impaired pantomime in schizophrenia: Association with frontal lobe function. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 49(2): 520-527.
Watanabe, Y., Urakami, T., Hongo, S. & Ohtsubo, T. (2015). Frontal lobe function and social adjustment in patients with schizophrenia: Near‐infrared spectroscopy. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 30(1): 28-41.
Williams, M. R., Chaudhry, R., Perera, S., Hirsch, S. R., Ansorge, O., Thom, M. & Maier, M. (2013). Changes in cortical thickness in the frontal lobes in schizophrenia are a result of thinning of pyramidal cell layers. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(1): 25-39.
Xu-hui, F., Xiang, W., Shu-qiao, Y., & Xu-hui, F. (2006). A Comparative study of  neurocognitive function in schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(1): 31-32.
Zadmohamadi, A. & Timori, M. (2001). The effect of music therapy on Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychotic Patients. Journal of Psychology, 5(3): 238-249 (Text in Persian).
Zalla, T., Joyce, C., Czoke, A., Schurboff, F., Pillon, B., & Komano, O. (2004). Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 121, 207-217.