The Effect of Ambiguity Tolerance Therapy, on Uncertainty, Worry and Vitality of Mothers Suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder with Mentally Disabled Children

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc. in Clinical Psychology, Department of psychology, Khomeynie shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University , Khomeynie shahr , Iran

2 Department of psychology, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was, to determine the effect of ambiguity tolerance therapy on uncertainty, worry, and vitality of mothers suffering from generalized anxiety disorder having mentally disabled children in Isfahan. The method was semi-experimental, and in the form of pretest and posttest with the control group. By the purposive sampling method, 30 people who had the inclusion criteria for the research were selected and were randomly replaced into two experimental and control groups. The instruments were, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, the scale of Intolerableness of uncertainty, Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire, and Mental Vitality Questionnaire. After performing the pretest, the experimental group underwent ambiguity tolerance therapy, in 12 sessions of 60 minutes. The results showed that ambiguity tolerance therapy was effective on intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety and also increasing the vitality of mothers with generalized anxiety disorder, who had children with disabilities. Therefore, this treatment method can be used to reduce intolerance uncertainty, anxiety and increase vitality.

Keywords


اکبری ، مهدی و محمدخانی، شهرام (1398). فرآیندهای فراتشخیصی شناختی، رفتاری و هیجانی در افسردگی و اختلال های اضطرابی. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و روان درمانی. 9 (35). 117-146.                           
الهیاری، وحید و خالقی پور، شهناز. (1398). تاثیر آرام سازی روانی حرکتی به شیوه سلوا بر سیستم فعال سازی بازداری رفتاری افراد مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی. 4(15): 109-125 .
خدابخشی کولایی، آناهیتا؛ تجلی، پریسا و قنبری پناه، افسانه (1398). واکاوی تجارب مادران در مراقبت از فرزند معلول : یک مطالعه پدیدارشناسی . مجله پرستاری کودکان . 1398؛ 6 (2): 68-75 .
شیخ الاسلامی، راضیه. دفترچی، عفت .(1390). پیش بینی نشاط ذهنی دانش آموزان براساس جهت گیری های هدف و نیازهای اساسی روانشناختی. مجله روانشناسی، 19 (2):147-174.
غفاری نیا، رضا؛ ولی زاده، سینا؛ اکبری، سلطنت؛ و کریمی، سهیلا. (1396). بررسی وضعیت سلامت روان مادران دارای فرزند معلول. تهران: دومین کنفرانس بین المللی روانشناسی، علوم تربیتی و رفتاری، تهران، ایران.
منصوری، احمد؛ خدایاری فرد، محمد؛ بشارت، محمد علی؛ غلامعلی لواسانی، مسعود. (1397). نقش تعدیل کننده و واسطه ای مقابله های معنوی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رابطه بین عوامل فراتشخیصی و نشانه های اختلال اضطراب فراگیر: طراحی و آزمون یک مدل مفهومی. تحقیقات علوم رفتاری. (16)130-142.   
نائینیان، محمدرضا ؛ شعیری، محمد رضا ر؛ شریفی، معصومه؛ و هادیان، مهری.(1390). بررسی پایایی و اعتبار مقیاس کوتاه اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. مجله روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت، 3(4): 50-41
Akbari, M & Mohammadkhani S. (2018). Transdiagnostic Processes of Cognitive, Behavioral and Emotional in Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Culture Counseling.35(9):117-146. (Text in Persian)
Allahyari V, Khaleghipour S. (2020). Effect of Silva psycho-motor relaxation on Behavioral Activation / Inhibition Systems in patients who suffered from a generalized anxiety disorder. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies. 57(4).109-124. (Text in Persian)
Barlow, D. H. (2011). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Beaudoin, M & Desrichard. (2009). Validation of a Short French State Test Worry and Emotionality Scale. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 22(1) :79-105.
Bostic, T. J., Rubio, D.M., & Hood, M. (2000). A validation of the subjective vitality scale using structural equation modeling. Social Indicators Research,52(3):313-324.
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(2), 222-236.  
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30-43.doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007.
Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety. 35(6):502-514.
DeMartini, J., Patel, G., & Fancher, T. L. (2019). Generalized anxiety disorder. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(7), 49-64.
Dugas MJ, Robichuad M. (2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: from science to practice. First ed. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis: 264 p.
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry ?. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791-802.
Ghaffari nia, Reza; Valizadeh, Sina; Akbari, Saltanat; Karimi, Soheila. (2018). Evaluation of mental health status of mothers with disabled children. Tehran: 2nd International Conference on Psychology, Educational and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (Text in Persian).
Gillett, C. B., Bilek, E. L., Hanna, G. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: A transdiagnostic construct with implications for phenomenology and treatment. Clinical psychology review, 60, 100-108. doi:10.1016/ j.cpr.2018.01.007.  
Halstead, E. J., Griffith, G. M., & Hastings, R. P. (2018). Social support, coping, and positive perceptions as potential protective factors for the well-being of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 64(4), 288-296.
Hebert EA, Dugas MJ. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 26(2):421-436.
Hill, C., Waite, P., & Creswell, C. (2016). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and Child Health, 26(12), 548-553.
Hui, C., & Zhihui, Y. (2017). "Group cognitive behavioral therapy targeting intolerance of uncertainly: A randomized trial for older Chinese adults with generalized anxiety disorder". Aging and Mental Health, 21(12): 1294-1302.
Khodabakhshi-koolaee A, Aghakhani koshki M, kalhor N. (2019). Analysis the experiences of mothers in caring of a disable child: A phenomenological study. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 6(2):68-75. (Text in Persian)
Mansouri A, Khodayarifard M, Besharat M. Moderating and mediating role of spiritual coping and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between trans diagnostic Factors and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: developing a conceptual model. Journal of Research in Behavioral Science, 16(2):130-42. (Text in Persian)
Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec TD. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn state worry questionnaire. Behavior Research Therapy, 28(6):487-495.
Naenian M, Shaerie M, Sharife M, Hadian M. (2012). Assessing the reliability and validity of the disruption short scale Generalized Anxiety (7-GAD). Clinical Psychology & Personality, 3(4):41-50. (Text in Persian).
Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565.
 Sheikholeslami R. Daftarchi D. (2015). The prediction of students’ subjective vitality by goal orientations and basic psychological needs. Journal of Psychology, 19(1):147-174. (Text in Persian)
Stevens, K., Rogers, T., Campbell, M., Bjorgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. (2018). Trans diagnostic examination of decreased intolerance of uncertainty and treatment outcome. Cognitive Behavior Therapy,47(1):19-33.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.                                 
Tintzman, C. S., Kampf, T. D., & John-Henderson, N. A. (2022). Changes in vitality in response to acute stress: an investigation of the role of anxiety and physiological reactivity. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 35(2), 190-203.
Van Dis E, Vanveen S, Hagenaars M, Batelaan NM, Bockting C, Van den heuvel R, et al. (2020). Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(3):265-73.
Wahlund, T., Andersson, E., Jolstedt, M., Perrin, S., Vigerland, S., & Serlachius, E. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty–focused treatment for adolescents with excessive worry: A pilot feasibility study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 27(2), 215-230.