The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship between Self-efficacy and Post-traumatic Growth among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate professor in counseling, Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 M.A of Counseling, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant professor in psychology, Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of current study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy and post-traumatic growth among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research design was descriptive-correlational. From the mentioned, a total of 350  nurses selected via convinence sampling method and were examined by Tedeschi and Calhoun Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Scherer et al. General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GSE-17), and Conor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISK). To analyze the collected data Pearson correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling were conducted. The results showed that direct effect of self-efficacy and the direct effect of resilience on the post-traumatic growth were significantly positive. Also, results showed that the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy and post-traumatic growth was significant. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that resilience and self-efficacy were important factors affecting nurses’ post-traumatic growth. Therefore, it is suggested that specialists by increasing resilience and self-efficacy through training and counseling interventions help nurses to manage the psychological truamas that resulted by covid-19 pandemic.

Keywords

Main Subjects


اسکندری، الهام.، جلالی، ایوب.، موسوی، مرضیه و اکرمی، ناهید (1398). پیش‌بینی تاب‌آوری روانشناختی براساس حمایت اجتماعی و سبک دلبستگی با میانجی‌گری خودکارآمدی و معنا در زندگی. پژوهش نامه روانشناسی مثبت، 5(2): 17-30. DOI: 10.22108/ppls.2019.116694.1721
اصغرنژاد، طاهره.، احمدی، محمد.، فرزاد، ولی­اله و خداپناهی، محمدکریم. (1385). مطالعه ویژگی­های روانسنجی مقیاس خودکار آمدی عمومی شرر. مجله روانشناسی، 10(3): 262-274.
افضلی، مریم.، حاجی‌زاده کلی، شبنم.، عابر، پرند و قاسمی، نرجس (1400). پیش‌بینی رشد پس­از­آسیب براساس بهزیستی روانشناختی و ذهن‌آگاهی در شرایط کرونا در پرستاران زن. خانواده درمانی کاربردی، 2(5): 162-175. DOI: 10.22034/aftj.2022.322283.1329
آهنگرزاده رضایی، سهیلا و رسولی، مریم. (1394). بررسی ویژگی­های روان­سنجی نسخه فارسی مقیاس تاب­آوری کانر-دیویدسون در نوجوانان مبتلا به سرطان. مجله پرستاری و مامایی، ۱۳(۹) :739-۷47. URL: http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2369-en.html
سید محمودی، سیدجواد.، رحیمی، چنگیز و محمودی جابر، نورالله. (1392). ویژگی‌های روانسنجی پرسشنامه رشد پس از آسیب (PTGI). روش‌ها و مدل‌های روانشناختی، 3(12): 93-108.
مرادزاده، عبدالباسط و نامدار جویمی، احسان (1399). تجربه زیسته پرستاران بخش کرونا از دیسترس اخلاقی در حین انجام وظیفه سازمانی. فصلنامه مدیریت پرستاری، 9(3): 59-73. URL: http://jnip.ir/article-1-760-en.html
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Luo, X., Prout, T. A. & Hoffman, L. (2022). Therapists’ resilience and posttraumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(1): 165–173. DOI: 10.1037/tra0001097
Afzali, M., hajizadeh koli, S., Aber, P. & Ghasemi, N. (2022). Prediction of post-traumatic growth based on psychological well-being and mindfulness during coronavirus conditions among female nurses. Journal of Applied Family Therapy2: 162-175. DOI: 10.22034/aftj.2022.322283.1329 (Text in Persian)
Ahangarzadeh Rezaei, S. & Rasouli, M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the persian version of conner-davidson resilience scale in adolescents with cancer. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 13(9) :739-747 URL: http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2369-fa.html (Text in Persian)
Asgharnejad, T., Ahmadi, M., Farzad, V. & Khodapanahi, M. K. (2006). A study of the psychometric properties of scherer's general self-efficacy scale. Journal of Psychology, 10(3): 262-274. (Text in Persian)
Bandura, A. (2013). The role of self-efficacy in goal-based motivation. In E. A. Locke and G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Bender, A. & Ingram, R. (2018). Connecting attachment style to resilience: Contributions of self-care and self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 130: 18-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.038
Berkman, A. M., Robert, R. S., Roth, M. & Askins, M. A. (2022). A review of psychological symptoms and post-traumatic growth among adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4): 990-1005. DOI: 10.1177/1359105320971706
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The connor‐davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2): 76-82.‏ DOI: 10.1002/da.10113
Cooper, A. L., Brown, J. A., Rees, C. S. & Leslie, G. D. (2020). Nurse resilience: A concept analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4): 553-575.‏ DOI: 10.1111/inm.12721
Di Corrado, D., Muzii, B., Magnano, P., Coco, M., La Paglia, R. & Maldonato, N. M. (2022). The moderated mediating effect of hope, self-efficacy and resilience in the relationship between post-traumatic growth and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare,10(6): 1091. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061091
Eskandari, E., Jalali, A., Moosavi, M. & Akrami, N. (2019). Predicting psychological resilience based on social support and attachment style mediated by self-efficacy and meaning in life. Positive Psychology Research5(2): 17-30. DOI: 10.22108/ppls.2019.116694.1721 (Text in Persian)
Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J. & Phillips, C. A. (2020). Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3): 329-355.‏ DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22882
Georgoulas-Sherry, V. (2020). Expressive flexibility and resilience among US military college students: Evaluating the enhancing and suppressing of emotions and resilience. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 4(2): 187-198.‏ https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v4i2.225
Henson, C., Truchot, D. & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4): 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
Hoseinloo, A. & Namvar, H. (2020). Validity and reliability of post-traumatic growth questionnaire in veterans by post-traumatic stress disorder in the city of saveh. Psychometry, 9(33): 63-77. (Text in Persian) 
Joseph, S. & Linley, P. A. (2006). Growth following adversity: Theoretical perspectives and implications for clinical practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(8): 1041-1053.‏ DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.006
Kim, Y. (2022). Factors associated with post-traumatic growth in korean survivors of childhood cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 49(1): 71-80. DOI: 10.1188/22.ONF.71-80
Kirca, K. & Kutlutürkan, S. (2021). Self-efficacy in coping behaviors of cancer patients: Who am i and what can i accomplish? Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 15(3): 610-621.‏ https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.744412
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Li, N., Cheng, H. & Lv, L. (2022). The relationship between posttraumatic growth, self-efficacy, and social support in burn patients: A cross-sectional study. Burns, 48(7): 1626-1631. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.08.009
Lu, W., Xu, C., Hu, X., Liu, J., Zhang, Q., Peng, L. & Li, W. (2021). The relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth among the primary caregivers of children with developmental disabilities: The mediating role of positive coping style and self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 765530. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.765530
Mesurado, B., Vidal, E. M. & Mestre, A. L. (2018). Negative emotions and behaviour: The role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 64: 62-71.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.01.007
Michalczyk, J., Dmochowska, J., Aftyka, A. & Milanowska, J. (2022). Post-traumatic growth in women with breast cancer: Intensity and predictors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health19(11): 6509. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116509
Moradzadeh, A. & Namdar Joyami, E. (2020). Corona nurses' lived experience of moral distress while performing organizational duties. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 9(3): 59-73. URL: http://ijnv.ir/article-1-760-en.html (Text in Persian)
Nuccio, A. G. & Stripling, A. M. (2021). Resilience and post-traumatic growth following late life polyvictimization: A scoping review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 57: 101481.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101481
Ogińska-Bulik, N. & Zadworna-Cieślak, M. (2018). The role of resiliency and coping strategies in occurrence of positive changes in medical rescue workers. International Emergency Nursing, 39: 40-45.‏ DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2018.02.004
Pak, S., Yurtbakan, T. & Acarturk, C. (2021). Social support and resilience among syrian refugees: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 32(3): 382-398.  DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2061882
Pillay, D., Nel, P. & Zyl, E. V. (2022). Positive affect and resilience: Exploring the role of self-efficacy and self-regulation: A serial mediation model. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 48: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v48i0.1913
Ruiz, P. (2021). Clinical handbook of fear and anxiety: Maintenance processes and treatment mechanisms. Jonathan S. Abramowitz and Shannon M. Blakey. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.‏
Samuel, T. S. & Warner, J. (2021). “I can math!”: Reducing math anxiety and increasing math self-efficacy using a mindfulness and growth mindset-based intervention in first-year students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(3): 205-222.‏ DOI: 10.1080/10668926.2019.1666063
Scales, P. C., Benson, P. L., Leffert, N. & Blyth, D. A. (2000). Contribution of developmental assets to the prediction of thriving among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 4(1): 27-46.‏ DOI: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0401_3
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2016). Theories of personality. Boston: Cengage Learning.‏
Seyed Mahmoodi, S., Rahimi, C. & Mohammadi Jaber, N. (2013). Psychometric properties of posttraumatic growth inventory in an iranian sample. Psychological Methods and Models3(12): 93-108. (Text in Persian)
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B. & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2): 663-671.‏ DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Smith, L. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., McEvoy, P. M. & Lim, L. (2020). Self-efficacy in bipolar disorder: Development and validation of a self-report scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 262: 108-117.‏ DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.026
Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3): 455-471.‏ DOI: 10.1007/BF02103658
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2021). Posttraumatic growth and expert companionship in grief therapy. In New Techniques of Grief Therapy. New York: Routledge.‏
Thom, B. & Benedict, C. (2019). The impact of financial toxicity on psychological well-being, coping self-efficacy, and cost-coping behaviors in young adults with cancer. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 8(3): 236-242.‏ DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0143
Vinkers, C. H., Van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K. & Van Der Wee, N. J. (2020). Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 35: 12-16.‏ DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.003
Wang, L., Tao, H., Bowers, B. J., Brown, R. & Zhang, Y. (2018). Influence of social support and self-efficacy on resilience of early career registered nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(5): 648-664.‏ DOI: 10.1177/0193945916685712
Wainwright, N. W., Surtees, P. G., Welch, A. A., Luben, R. N., Khaw, K. T. & Bingham, S. A. (2007). Healthy lifestyle choices: could sense of coherence aid health promotion? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(10): 871-876.‏ DOI: 10.1136/jech.2006.056275
Yim, J. Y. & Kim, J. A. (2022). Factors influencing posttraumatic growth among nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients: A path analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6): 1940-1948. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13660
Zainaro, M. A., Ridwan, R. & Isnainy, U. C. A. S. (2021). Motivation and workload of nurses with nurse performance in handling events of corona virus (Covid-19). Journal Aisyah: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 6(4): 673-680.‏ DOI: 10.30604/jika.v6i4.688
Zeng, W., Zeng, Y., Xu, Y., Huang, D., Shao, J., Wu, J., & Wu, X. (2021). The influence of post-traumatic growth on college students' creativity during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of general self-efficacy and the moderating role of deliberate rumination. Frontiers in Psychology12: 665973. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665973