The role of fields of temperament and character, basic psychological needs and cognitive flexibility in psychology hardiness of autistic children's mothers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 professor of psychology

2 phd student of psychology

3 Student of Ph.D. of psychology, Dep, Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.

4 mohaghegh ardabili

Abstract

The present study investigates the role of the temperament and character traits, basic psychological needs and cognitive flexibility in psychological hardiness of autistic children's mothers in Ahvaz city. The method was descriptive-correctional. The statistical population were included of all mothers of children with autistic dysfunction in Ahvaz. A sample of 130 mothers were selected. The instruments were Ahwaz Hardiness Inventory, Temperament and Character Inventory, and basic psychological needs scale and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Data were analyzed by multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that there is significant and negative relation between harm avoidance and reward-dependence on hardiness and positive and significant relationship between other dimensions of temperament and character, basic psychological needs and psychological flexibility with psychological hardiness. The results showed that the temperament and character, novelty-seeking and self-transcendence predicted hardiness. Among the subscales, basic psychological needs predicted hardiness. From the cognitive flexibility components, the perception of the alternative solutions had the ability to predict firmness. Therefore, improving the communication, novelty-seeking and self-transcendence, competency and perception of the alternative solutions may enhance the psychological hardiness of mothers of children with autism and it may improve their welfare.

Keywords

References

ابراهیمی، مرضیه سادات و نعمت طاوسی، محترم (1397). نقش واسطه‌ای طرح‌واره‌های سازش نایافته اولیه در رابطۀ بین شخصیت با سرسختی. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی و روان‌پزشکی شناخت، 5(1): 114-96.
اصغری ابراهیم­آباد، محمدجواد و ممی­زاده اوجور، محمد (1397). نقش انعطاف­پذیری و سرسختی روان­شناختی در تبیین بهزیستی روان­شناختی سربازان. پژوهش­های روان­شناسی بالینی و مشاوره، 8 (1)، 51-37
رحیمیان بوگر، اسحاق و اصغرنژاد فرید، علی‌اصغر (1387). رابطۀ سرسختی روان‌شناختی و خود تاب‌آوری با سلامت روان در جوانان و بزرگ‌سالان بازماندۀ زلزله شهرستان بم. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 14(1): 70-62.
عرب­زاده، مهدی (1396). رابطۀ نیازهای اساسی روان‌شناختی با سرزندگی ذهنی در سالمندان. مجلۀ سالمند، 12(2): 179-170.
کیامرثی، آذر، نجاریان، بهمن و مهرابی زاده هنرمند، مهناز (1377). ساخت و اعتبار یابی مقیاسی برای سنجش سرسختی روان‌شناختی. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی، 2(7): 284-271.
 
Arabzadeh, M. (2017). The relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly. Elderly Journal, 12 (2): 179-170 (Text in Persian).
Asghari Ebrahim Abad, M J and Mamizadeh Ojour, M. (2018). The role of psychological flexibility and psychological hardiness in explaining the psychological well-being of soldiers. Clinical Psychology Research & Counseling, 8 (1), 51-37 (Text in Persian).
Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report(MMWR) Surveillance Summaries. 2018; 67(6):1–23
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., & Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Journal of Motivation and Emotion, 39(2): 216-236.
Cloninger, C. R. (1986). A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatric Developments, 4 (3): 167-226.
Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The temperament and character inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use, center for psychobiology f personality. Washington University: St Louis.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2011). Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being: The role of psychological needs. Journal of Psychological Inquiry, 22 (1): 17-22.
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagne, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001).     Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: Cross-cultural study self-determination. Journal of Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (2): 930-942.
Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive therapy and research. 2010; 34(3):241-53.
Densham, S., Williams, D., Johnson, A., & Tumer-Cobb, J. M. (2016). Enhances psychological flexibility and improved quality of life in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgia encephalomyelitis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 88 (3): 37-42.
Ebrahimi, MS and Nemat Tawassi, H. (2018). The mediating role of early unsupervised schemas in the relationship between personality and tenacity. Journal of Cognitive Psychology and Psychiatry, 5 (1): 114-96 (Text in Persian).
Fernandes, D. V., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2020). The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress in the Relationship between Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology, Mothers’ Perception of Infant Temperament, and Mindful Parenting during the Postpartum Period. Journal of Mindfulness, 11(6), 407-412.
Fischer, D., Matthew, F., Paul, F., & Delfabbro, H. (2016). The relationship between psychological flexibility, early maladaptive schemas, perceived parenting and psychopathology. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(3): 169-177.
Hayes S.A., Watson S.L. The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism Development Disorder. 2013; 43(3):629–642. 
Johnco, C., Wuthrich, V.M., Rapee, R.M. (2014). The influence of cognitive flexibility on
treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of a pilot study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 10 (3), 1-13.
Kiamarsi, A., Najarian, B and Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (1998). Build and validate a scale for measuring psychological hardiness. Journal of Psychology, 2 (7): 284-271 (Text in Persian).
Kobylinska D and Kusev P. (2019). Flexible Emotion Regulation: How Situational Demands and Individual Differences Influence the Effectiveness of Regulatory Strategies. Frontiers in Psychology. 10 (5):72-86
La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-perseveration insecurity of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (3): 367-384.
Lilly, J., & Tungol, J. R. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness based psycho-educational program on parental stress of selected mothers of children with autism. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1): 52-56.
Lovering, M. E., Heaton, K. J., Banderet, L. E., Neises, K., Andrews, J., & Cohen, B. S. (2015). Psychological and physical characteristics of U. S. Marine recruits. Military Psychology, 27(5): 261-275.
Marshall, E. J. & Brockman, R. (2016).The relationships between psychological flexibility,
Self-Compassion, and emotional well-being. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
30(1): 60-72.
Miranda, A., Mira, A., Berenguer, C., Rosello, B., & Baixauli, I. (2019). Parenting stress in mothers of children with Autism without intellectual disability. Mediation of Behavioral Problems and Coping Strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2): 464-472.
Moreira, H., Fonseca, A., Caiado, B., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019). Work family conflict and mindful parenting: the mediating role of parental psychopathology symptoms and parenting stress in a sample of Portuguese employed parents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (6): 33-42.
Moreira, P. A. S., Cloninger, C. R., Rocha, M. J., Oliveira, J. T., Ferreira, N., Goncalves, D. M., et al. (2017). The psychometrics of the European Portuguese version of the temperament and character inventory-revised. Psychological Reports, 120(6): 1178-1199.
Murray, R. A. (2011). Interpersonal guilt and self-defeating behavior of foster youth. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30 (2): 1-10.
Rahimian Booger, I and Asgharnejad Farid, A.A. (2008). The relationship between Psychological hardiness and self-resilience with mental health in survivors of Bam city. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14 (1): 70-62 (Text in Persian).
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1): 54-67.
Vandercammen, L., Hofmans, J., & Theuns, P. (2014). The mediating role of affect in the relationship between need satisfaction and autonomous motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1): 62-79.
Wainer, A. L., Hepburn, S., & McMahon Griffith, E. (2016). Remembering parents in parent-mediated early intervention: An approach to examining impact on parents and families. Autism, 7 (1): 1-13.
Zappitelli, M. C., Bordin, I. A., Hatch, J. P. Caetano, S. C., ZuntaSoares, G., Olvera, R. L., & Soares, J. C. (2013). Temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: A case-control study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54 (3): 353-364.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics