Repetetive negative thinking mediates the association between perfectionism and social anxiety

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of repetitive negative thinking as mediators of association between perfectionism and social anxiety. Materials and Methods: The method of this study was descriptive-correlation. Among all of the students of Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin, who were on the number 7030 people in 1394, 200 persons were chosen by random sampling. Data was obtained by using Ehring Perseverative thinking questionnaires (2010), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS) (1990) and Connor social phobia questionnaire (2000) and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Results: foundings showed that repetitive negative thinking mediates the association between perfectionism and social anxiety. Conclusion: perfectionism and repetitive negative thinking have the role of predictors for social anxiety. So that, with increasing the perfectionism and repetitive negative thinking, social anxiety increases, too. The perfectionists that have repetitive negative thinking trait, incur more social anxiety. For treatment plans of social anxiety, should be noted to perfectionism and repetitive negative thinking specially that are propounded as Transdiagnostic processes.

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References

Ayyash-Abdo. A., Tayara. R., & Sasagawa. S. (2016). Social anxiety symptoms: A cross-cultural study between Lebanon and the UK. Personality and Individual Differences. 96(1): 100–105.
Ashbaugh, A., Antony, M. M., Liss, A., Summerfeldt, J. L., McCabe, E. R., & Swinson, P. R. (2007). Changes in perfectionism following cognitive behavioral treatment for social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 24(3):169-177.
Bitaraf, SH., Shaeeri, M., & Hakimjavadi, M. (2010). Social phobia and parenting styles and perfectionism. Journal of Developmental psychology:Iranian psychologists, 7(25): 75-82(Text in Persian).
Brown, J. R. (2011). Exploring Perfectionism, Rumination and SocialAnxiety: Theoretical and Causal Implications, Wilfrid Laurier University.
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Ecker, A. H., & Vinci, C. (2013). A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use. Depress Anxiety, 30(3): 276-84.
Desnoyers, A., & Arpin-Cribbie, C. (2015). Examining cognitive performance: Do perfectionism and rumination matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 76(1): 94–98.
Drost, J., Van der Does, W., Van Hemert, M. A., Penninx, W.J.H., & Spinhoven, P. (2014). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63(3): 177-183.
Egan, J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2003). Perfectionism as a transdiagnos­tic process: A clinical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2): 203–212.
 Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3): 192-205.
Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., & Ehlers, A. (2010). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Behavior Therapy & Expermental Psychiatry, 42(2): 225–232.
Flett, G.L. & Hewitt, P.L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washingon,D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Frost. R. O., Glossner, K., & Maxner, S. (2010). Social anxiety disorder and its relationship to perfectionism. Delineation Of Social Anxiety, 3(1): 120-145.
Gangi, M. (2013). Psychopathology based on DSM-5. Tehran: savalan(Text in Persian).
Golparvar, M., Setayeshmanesh, S., & Mosahebi, M. (2013). A prediction model for romance relationship based on perfectionism components in married women students. Journal of Woman and culture, 5(18): 9-23(Text in Persian).
Hasanvand amozade, M., Aqili, M. M., Hasanvand amozade, M. (2013). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group training of self-steem on social anxiety and mental health among social troubled teens. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 14(2):26-37(Text in Persian).
Koroshnia, M., & Latifian, M. (2011). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and perfectionism. Journal of Psychological studies, 7(4): 28-54(Text in Persian).
Laurenti, J. H., Bruch, A. M., & Haase, F. R. (2008). Social anxiety and socially prescribed perfectionism:Unique and interactive relations with maladaptive appraisal of interpersonal situations. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 4(3): 55-61.
Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Shumaker, E. A., Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W.,   White, E. K., Heimberg, R. G., Warren, C. S., Blanco, C., Schneier, F., & Liebowitz, M. R.(2014). Perception matters for clinical perfectionism and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29(6): 61-71.
Macedo, A. (2015).  Perfectionism and psychological distress: a review of the cognitive factors. International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health. 1(6): 1-10.
Macedo, A., Soares, M, J., Amaral, A. P., Nogueira, V., Madeira, N., Roque, C., Marquesm M., Maia, B., Bos, S., Valente, J., & Pereira, A. T. (2014). Repetitive negative thinking mediates the association between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 72(6): 220–224.
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, E. J. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4): 216– 224.
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of  Affective Disorders, 151(3): 313–320.
Mehrabizade honarmand, M., Najarian, B., & baharlo, R. (1999). Relationship between perfectionism and social phobia in university students. Psychological journal, 11(3): 232-248(Text in Persian).
Mills, C., Grant, M., Lechner, V., & Judan, R. (2014). Relationship between trait repetitive negative thinking styles and symptoms of psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences. 71(3): 19-24.
Mohammadi, A., Zargar, F., Omidi, A., & Sararodi, R. (2013). Etiology models for Social anxiety disorder. Behavioral sciences research journal, 11(1): 68-80(Text in Persian).
Mokhberdezfoli, A., Rezaee, M., Qazanfari, F., Mirdrikvand, F., Qolamrezaee, S., Moazeni, T., & Hashemi, S. (2015). Social phobia modeling based on emotional, cognitive and sexual components. Path analysis usage. Journal of Psychological studies, 11(3): 30-52(Text in Persian).
O’Connor, D. B., O’Connor, R. C., & Marshall, R. (2007). Perfectionism and psychological distress: Evidence of the mediating effects of rumination. European Journal of Personality, 21(2): 429–452.
Pereira, A. T., Chaves, B., Castro, J., Soares, M. J., & Macedo. (2014).Perseverative negative thinking mediates the relationship between perfectionism and negative affect. European Psychiatry, 29(4): 23-29.
Polo, A. J., Alegria, M., Chen, C. N., & Blanco C. (2011). The prevalence and comorbidity of social anxiety disorder among United States Latinos: a retrospective analysis of data from 2 national surveys. J Clin Psychiatry, 72(8): 96-105.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in Social Anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6): 741–756.
Short, M. M., & Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: Examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences 55(3): 716–721.
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(5): 295-319.
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(1): 385–396.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). UsingMultivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Tajikzade, F., Sadegi, R., Mehrabizade honarmand, M., & Davoodi, E. (2015).  The Brain -Behavioral Systems, perfectionism and Symptoms of depression in students. Journal of Psychological studies, 11(3): 120-139(Text in Persian).
 
 
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Ayyash-Abdo. A., Tayara. R., & Sasagawa. S. (2016). Social anxiety symptoms: A cross-cultural study between Lebanon and the UK. Personality and Individual Differences. 96(1): 100–105.
Ashbaugh, A., Antony, M. M., Liss, A., Summerfeldt, J. L., McCabe, E. R., & Swinson, P. R. (2007). Changes in perfectionism following cognitive behavioral treatment for social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 24(3):169-177.
Bitaraf, SH., Shaeeri, M., & Hakimjavadi, M. (2010). Social phobia and parenting styles and perfectionism. Journal of Developmental psychology:Iranian psychologists, 7(25): 75-82(Text in Persian).
Brown, J. R. (2011). Exploring Perfectionism, Rumination and SocialAnxiety: Theoretical and Causal Implications, Wilfrid Laurier University.
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Ecker, A. H., & Vinci, C. (2013). A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use. Depress Anxiety, 30(3): 276-84.
Desnoyers, A., & Arpin-Cribbie, C. (2015). Examining cognitive performance: Do perfectionism and rumination matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 76(1): 94–98.
Drost, J., Van der Does, W., Van Hemert, M. A., Penninx, W.J.H., & Spinhoven, P. (2014). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63(3): 177-183.
Egan, J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2003). Perfectionism as a transdiagnos­tic process: A clinical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2): 203–212.
 Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3): 192-205.
Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., & Ehlers, A. (2010). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Behavior Therapy & Expermental Psychiatry, 42(2): 225–232.
Flett, G.L. & Hewitt, P.L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washingon,D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Frost. R. O., Glossner, K., & Maxner, S. (2010). Social anxiety disorder and its relationship to perfectionism. Delineation Of Social Anxiety, 3(1): 120-145.
Gangi, M. (2013). Psychopathology based on DSM-5. Tehran: savalan(Text in Persian).
Golparvar, M., Setayeshmanesh, S., & Mosahebi, M. (2013). A prediction model for romance relationship based on perfectionism components in married women students. Journal of Woman and culture, 5(18): 9-23(Text in Persian).
Hasanvand amozade, M., Aqili, M. M., Hasanvand amozade, M. (2013). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group training of self-steem on social anxiety and mental health among social troubled teens. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 14(2):26-37(Text in Persian).
Koroshnia, M., & Latifian, M. (2011). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and perfectionism. Journal of Psychological studies, 7(4): 28-54(Text in Persian).
Laurenti, J. H., Bruch, A. M., & Haase, F. R. (2008). Social anxiety and socially prescribed perfectionism:Unique and interactive relations with maladaptive appraisal of interpersonal situations. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 4(3): 55-61.
Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Shumaker, E. A., Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W.,   White, E. K., Heimberg, R. G., Warren, C. S., Blanco, C., Schneier, F., & Liebowitz, M. R.(2014). Perception matters for clinical perfectionism and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29(6): 61-71.
Macedo, A. (2015).  Perfectionism and psychological distress: a review of the cognitive factors. International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health. 1(6): 1-10.
Macedo, A., Soares, M, J., Amaral, A. P., Nogueira, V., Madeira, N., Roque, C., Marquesm M., Maia, B., Bos, S., Valente, J., & Pereira, A. T. (2014). Repetitive negative thinking mediates the association between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 72(6): 220–224.
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, E. J. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4): 216– 224.
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of  Affective Disorders, 151(3): 313–320.
Mehrabizade honarmand, M., Najarian, B., & baharlo, R. (1999). Relationship between perfectionism and social phobia in university students. Psychological journal, 11(3): 232-248(Text in Persian).
Mills, C., Grant, M., Lechner, V., & Judan, R. (2014). Relationship between trait repetitive negative thinking styles and symptoms of psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences. 71(3): 19-24.
Mohammadi, A., Zargar, F., Omidi, A., & Sararodi, R. (2013). Etiology models for Social anxiety disorder. Behavioral sciences research journal, 11(1): 68-80(Text in Persian).
Mokhberdezfoli, A., Rezaee, M., Qazanfari, F., Mirdrikvand, F., Qolamrezaee, S., Moazeni, T., & Hashemi, S. (2015). Social phobia modeling based on emotional, cognitive and sexual components. Path analysis usage. Journal of Psychological studies, 11(3): 30-52(Text in Persian).
O’Connor, D. B., O’Connor, R. C., & Marshall, R. (2007). Perfectionism and psychological distress: Evidence of the mediating effects of rumination. European Journal of Personality, 21(2): 429–452.
Pereira, A. T., Chaves, B., Castro, J., Soares, M. J., & Macedo. (2014).Perseverative negative thinking mediates the relationship between perfectionism and negative affect. European Psychiatry, 29(4): 23-29.
Polo, A. J., Alegria, M., Chen, C. N., & Blanco C. (2011). The prevalence and comorbidity of social anxiety disorder among United States Latinos: a retrospective analysis of data from 2 national surveys. J Clin Psychiatry, 72(8): 96-105.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in Social Anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6): 741–756.
Short, M. M., & Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: Examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences 55(3): 716–721.
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(5): 295-319.
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(1): 385–396.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). UsingMultivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Tajikzade, F., Sadegi, R., Mehrabizade honarmand, M., & Davoodi, E. (2015).  The Brain -Behavioral Systems, perfectionism and Symptoms of depression in students. Journal of Psychological studies, 11(3): 120-139(Text in Persian).
 
 
Journal of Psychological Studies
Volume 12, Issue 2
September 2016
Pages 107-128

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