Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Reducing of Social Anxiety Disorder: Paradigm Presenting

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 * Department of Counseling, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Master/Alzahra University

Abstract

This study was designed with the aim of comparing the efficacy of Schema Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing method on reduction of social Anxiety Disorder Among the Insecure Clientle of Counseling Center. In this semi- Experimental method 22 sample that was Chosen by Primary Test in Three Random Group displacement. In this study For gathering the Data, Connor social anxiety disorder(SPIN) and Hazen and Shaver Attachment(ASP)Scales were used. All data analyzed with Covariance Statistical Method and using spss18 software package. Result show That Schema Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing had a significant difference from Wait list group scores. Both groups did not differ significantly on reduce of Disorder. Another result Show That For Reduction of Fear Component, ST is more influential; Based on this, both therapy can be used to reduce of social anxiety .

KeyWords: Schema Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, social Anxiety Disorder

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Ahmadizadeh M. J., Eskandari H., Falsafinejad M. R. & Borjali A.(2010).Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive-behavioral” and “eye movement desensitization reprocessing” treatment models on patients with war post-traumatic stress disorder. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine ,12(3): 173-178 (text in Persian).
Ahmadizadeh, M. (2009). Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and EDMR on improvement of patients with post-traumatic war stress disorder, PhD Thesis of Psychology, university of Allameh tabatabai, Tehran (text in Persian).
American psychiatric association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorder: DSM-5. American psychiatric publishing, Washington DC.
Ashoori, J.(2015).Comparing the effectiveness of meta – cognitive therapy and schema therapy on decrease symptoms of anxiety and Depression in nursing and midwifery students. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ), 18(95):50- 61 (text in Persian).
Aslani, j.; Mirtashi, M & Aslani, L.(2014).Effectiveness of Eye Movement Sesensitization and Reprocessing Therapy on Public Speaking Axiety of university Student.Zahedan journal of Research in Medical Sciences,16(1):46-49.
Birjandi, sh., Sheykhmahmudi, H. & Abdollahi,M. (2012). Effects of schema therapy instructions on the depressed patients' irrational thinking. Journal of basic and applied scientific research, 2(9):8719-8724.
Bisson.‌J. Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R. & Lewis, C. (2015). Psychological therapies for chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Adults‌‌‌‌.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue, 12(2): Art.
Bisson, J., Andrew, M.. (2009). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). John Wiley publication, USA.
Bowlby, J.(1982). Attachment and loss. Tavistock institute of relation, Basic book, USA.
Bray, J. H. & Stanton, M. (2009). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of family psychology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK.
Calvete, E., Orue, L. & Hankin, B. L. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thought. Journal of anxiety disorders, 27(3): 278– 288.
Capps, F., Andreda, H., & Cade, R. (2014). EMDR: An Approach to healing Betrayal wounds in couples Counseling. Vista online publication produced for American Counseling Association (retrieval :http://www.counseling.org/).
Conoley, C.W. & Conoley, J. C. (2009). Positive psychology and family therapy. John wiley and sons Inc: new Jersey, Canada.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, L., Churchil, E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H. & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory - New self-rating scale. The British journal of psychiatry,176(4):379-386.
Feeney, J. A. (1994). Attachment style, communication patterns and satisfaction across the life cycle of marriage. Personal Relationships, 1(4):333-348.
Hamidpour, H., Dolatshai, B., shahbaz, A. P. & Dadkhah ,A.(2010). The Efficacy of Schema Therapy in Treating Women's Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology,16(4): 420-431. (text in Persian).
Hatami, M., & Fadayi, M. (2015). Effectiveness of schema therapy in intimacy , marital conflict and early maladaptive schemas of women suing for divorce. International journal of advanced biological research, 3(3): 285-290.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3): 511-524
Heerena, A., Mogoas¸ C., Richard, J., McNally, R. J., Schmitz, A., & Philippot, P. (2015). Does attention bias modification improve attentional control? A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder. Journal of anxiety Disorder, 29:34-42.
Hezel, D. M., & Mcnally, R.J. (2014). Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behavior therapy, 45(4): 530–540.
Huntsinger, E. T., & Lueken, L. J. (2004). Attachment relationship and health behavior: The meditational role of Self-esteem. Psychology and health, 19(4):515-526.
Hyer, L. & Brandsma, J. M. (1997). EMDR minus eye movement equal good Psychotherapy. Journal of traumatic stress, 10(3): 515-522.
Javid, F., Banijamali, Sh., Khosravi, Z.& Mirzaee, J. (2014). The effectiveness of EDMR With Bilateral Stimulation  on patients with Chronic symptoms of mental stress disorder of War PTSD. Psychological Studies Journal,Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University,10(1):31-53. (text in Persian)
Jenkins, G. (2009). An investigation of schema modes in the eating disordered population. doctorate theses in Clinical Psychology, The University of Edinburgh.
Kahl, K.G., Winter, L. & Schweiger, U. (2012). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies. Current opinion in psychiatry, 25(6):522-528.
Kellogg, S. H. & Young, J. E. (2006). Schema therapy for borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(4):445–458.
Maleki Z., Naderi, I., Ashoori, J. & Zahedi. (2015). The effect of schema therapy on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in nursing and midwifery students. Journal of Medical Education and Development.10(1): 47-56. (text in Persian).
McNally, R.J., & Enock, PH. M. & Tsai, C., & Tousian, M. (2013). Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51(12):882-888.
Mokhberdaezoli, A., Rezaee, M., Ghazanfari, F., Mirdrikvand, F., Gholamrezaee, S., Moazzani, T.& hashemi, Sh.(2015). Modeling of social phobia according to emotional and cognitive components and gender: applying of path analysis. Psychological Studies Journal, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 11(3): 29-52 (text in Persian).
Montazeri, M.S., Neshatdost, H.T., Abedi, M.R. & Abedi, A. (2014). Effectiveness of schema therapy on symptoms intensity reduction and anxiety in a special case with obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Zahedan Journal of research in medical sciences,16(5): 92-94.
Moosaviassl, S. & Moosavi Sadat, Z.(2014). The Effectiveness of schema therapy in reduction of Early maladaptive schemas on PTSD Veterans Men. Armaghane danesh.19 (1): 89-99. (text in Persian)
Nadorta, M., Arntz, A., Johannes, H. Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, PH., Asselt, T. V., Wensing, M. & Van Dyck, R. (2009). Implementation Of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. With Versus without crisis support by the therapist outside office hours: A randomized trial. Behaviour resaerch and therapy,47(11): 961-973.
Narimani, M. & Rajabi, S. (2009), Comparing the Effectiveness of EDMR and Cognitive0Behavioral Therapy in treatment of stress disorder, Journal of IAU Medical Sciences, 19 (4): 236-245. (text in Persian)
Sadock, B. S.,. Sadock, V. A.& Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, Eleventh Edition,Translated by Ghanji, M. (text in Persian).
Saffarinia M, Zare, H.,Karami, J. & Solgi, Z. (2014).The Efficacy and continuing impact of group schema therapy in treating student’s social anxiety disorder. Pejouhandeh,19(4):211-218.
Shapiro, F. (2014). The Role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in medicine: Addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse Life experiences. The permanent Journal,18(1): 71-77.
Shapiro, F. (2010). EMDR therapy: Adaptive information processing, clinical applications and research recommendations. Trauma psychology newsletter, American Psychological Association, Divission56; 5(2):12-18.
Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association: 7-26.
Shapiro, F. & Maxfield, L. (2002). In the blink of an eye. The psychologist,15(3):120-124.
Thimm, J.C. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis of the YSQ-SF. International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy,13(1):113-124.
Vyskocilova, J., Prasko, J., Sedlackova, Z., Ociskova, M. & Grambal, A. (2014). Schema therapy for CBT therapists who treat borderline patients. Activitas nervosa superior rediviva, 56 (1–2): 24-31.
Young, J.E., Klosko, J S. & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy, A practitioners Guide. Guilford Press, NewYork.
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Ahmadizadeh M. J., Eskandari H., Falsafinejad M. R. & Borjali A.(2010).Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive-behavioral” and “eye movement desensitization reprocessing” treatment models on patients with war post-traumatic stress disorder. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine ,12(3): 173-178 (text in Persian).
Ahmadizadeh, M. (2009). Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and EDMR on improvement of patients with post-traumatic war stress disorder, PhD Thesis of Psychology, university of Allameh tabatabai, Tehran (text in Persian).
American psychiatric association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorder: DSM-5. American psychiatric publishing, Washington DC.
Ashoori, J.(2015).Comparing the effectiveness of meta – cognitive therapy and schema therapy on decrease symptoms of anxiety and Depression in nursing and midwifery students. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ), 18(95):50- 61 (text in Persian).
Aslani, j.; Mirtashi, M & Aslani, L.(2014).Effectiveness of Eye Movement Sesensitization and Reprocessing Therapy on Public Speaking Axiety of university Student.Zahedan journal of Research in Medical Sciences,16(1):46-49.
Birjandi, sh., Sheykhmahmudi, H. & Abdollahi,M. (2012). Effects of schema therapy instructions on the depressed patients' irrational thinking. Journal of basic and applied scientific research, 2(9):8719-8724.
Bisson.‌J. Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R. & Lewis, C. (2015). Psychological therapies for chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Adults‌‌‌‌.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue, 12(2): Art.
Bisson, J., Andrew, M.. (2009). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). John Wiley publication, USA.
Bowlby, J.(1982). Attachment and loss. Tavistock institute of relation, Basic book, USA.
Bray, J. H. & Stanton, M. (2009). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of family psychology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK.
Calvete, E., Orue, L. & Hankin, B. L. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thought. Journal of anxiety disorders, 27(3): 278– 288.
Capps, F., Andreda, H., & Cade, R. (2014). EMDR: An Approach to healing Betrayal wounds in couples Counseling. Vista online publication produced for American Counseling Association (retrieval :http://www.counseling.org/).
Conoley, C.W. & Conoley, J. C. (2009). Positive psychology and family therapy. John wiley and sons Inc: new Jersey, Canada.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, L., Churchil, E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H. & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory - New self-rating scale. The British journal of psychiatry,176(4):379-386.
Feeney, J. A. (1994). Attachment style, communication patterns and satisfaction across the life cycle of marriage. Personal Relationships, 1(4):333-348.
Hamidpour, H., Dolatshai, B., shahbaz, A. P. & Dadkhah ,A.(2010). The Efficacy of Schema Therapy in Treating Women's Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology,16(4): 420-431. (text in Persian).
Hatami, M., & Fadayi, M. (2015). Effectiveness of schema therapy in intimacy , marital conflict and early maladaptive schemas of women suing for divorce. International journal of advanced biological research, 3(3): 285-290.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3): 511-524
Heerena, A., Mogoas¸ C., Richard, J., McNally, R. J., Schmitz, A., & Philippot, P. (2015). Does attention bias modification improve attentional control? A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder. Journal of anxiety Disorder, 29:34-42.
Hezel, D. M., & Mcnally, R.J. (2014). Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behavior therapy, 45(4): 530–540.
Huntsinger, E. T., & Lueken, L. J. (2004). Attachment relationship and health behavior: The meditational role of Self-esteem. Psychology and health, 19(4):515-526.
Hyer, L. & Brandsma, J. M. (1997). EMDR minus eye movement equal good Psychotherapy. Journal of traumatic stress, 10(3): 515-522.
Javid, F., Banijamali, Sh., Khosravi, Z.& Mirzaee, J. (2014). The effectiveness of EDMR With Bilateral Stimulation  on patients with Chronic symptoms of mental stress disorder of War PTSD. Psychological Studies Journal,Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University,10(1):31-53. (text in Persian)
Jenkins, G. (2009). An investigation of schema modes in the eating disordered population. doctorate theses in Clinical Psychology, The University of Edinburgh.
Kahl, K.G., Winter, L. & Schweiger, U. (2012). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies. Current opinion in psychiatry, 25(6):522-528.
Kellogg, S. H. & Young, J. E. (2006). Schema therapy for borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(4):445–458.
Maleki Z., Naderi, I., Ashoori, J. & Zahedi. (2015). The effect of schema therapy on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in nursing and midwifery students. Journal of Medical Education and Development.10(1): 47-56. (text in Persian).
McNally, R.J., & Enock, PH. M. & Tsai, C., & Tousian, M. (2013). Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51(12):882-888.
Mokhberdaezoli, A., Rezaee, M., Ghazanfari, F., Mirdrikvand, F., Gholamrezaee, S., Moazzani, T.& hashemi, Sh.(2015). Modeling of social phobia according to emotional and cognitive components and gender: applying of path analysis. Psychological Studies Journal, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 11(3): 29-52 (text in Persian).
Montazeri, M.S., Neshatdost, H.T., Abedi, M.R. & Abedi, A. (2014). Effectiveness of schema therapy on symptoms intensity reduction and anxiety in a special case with obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Zahedan Journal of research in medical sciences,16(5): 92-94.
Moosaviassl, S. & Moosavi Sadat, Z.(2014). The Effectiveness of schema therapy in reduction of Early maladaptive schemas on PTSD Veterans Men. Armaghane danesh.19 (1): 89-99. (text in Persian)
Nadorta, M., Arntz, A., Johannes, H. Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, PH., Asselt, T. V., Wensing, M. & Van Dyck, R. (2009). Implementation Of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. With Versus without crisis support by the therapist outside office hours: A randomized trial. Behaviour resaerch and therapy,47(11): 961-973.
Narimani, M. & Rajabi, S. (2009), Comparing the Effectiveness of EDMR and Cognitive0Behavioral Therapy in treatment of stress disorder, Journal of IAU Medical Sciences, 19 (4): 236-245. (text in Persian)
Sadock, B. S.,. Sadock, V. A.& Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, Eleventh Edition,Translated by Ghanji, M. (text in Persian).
Saffarinia M, Zare, H.,Karami, J. & Solgi, Z. (2014).The Efficacy and continuing impact of group schema therapy in treating student’s social anxiety disorder. Pejouhandeh,19(4):211-218.
Shapiro, F. (2014). The Role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in medicine: Addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse Life experiences. The permanent Journal,18(1): 71-77.
Shapiro, F. (2010). EMDR therapy: Adaptive information processing, clinical applications and research recommendations. Trauma psychology newsletter, American Psychological Association, Divission56; 5(2):12-18.
Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association: 7-26.
Shapiro, F. & Maxfield, L. (2002). In the blink of an eye. The psychologist,15(3):120-124.
Thimm, J.C. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis of the YSQ-SF. International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy,13(1):113-124.
Vyskocilova, J., Prasko, J., Sedlackova, Z., Ociskova, M. & Grambal, A. (2014). Schema therapy for CBT therapists who treat borderline patients. Activitas nervosa superior rediviva, 56 (1–2): 24-31.
Young, J.E., Klosko, J S. & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy, A practitioners Guide. Guilford Press, NewYork.

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