Predicting of externalizing and internalizing problems in adulthood basis of temperament and character

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

 
This study was aimed at predicting internalizing and externalizing problems based on Cloninger temperament and character model. Cloninger proposed a solid theoretical framework on character with emphasis on biological parameters that pertains for both normal and abnormal personalities. This model includes four dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) for temperament and three dimensions (self-directedness, self-transcendence and cooperativeness) for character. To achieve this goal, 500 male and female students were selected from high schools of Mahallat using cluster sampling method. Achenbach Behavioral Problems and Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory were administered. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via AMOS software. The results showed that %42 of internalizing problems and %36 of externalizing problems can be explained by temperament and character. Harm avoidance could positively, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict internalizing problems. On the other hand, novelty seeking positively and harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict externalizing problems. These findings can be applied in etiology of behavioral problems and preventive strategies.

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References

Abolghasemi, A., Bahari, M., Narimani, M. & Zahed, A (2011).Relationship netween trait and temperament dimensions and schizophrenic symptoms in males, Treatment, 15(4), 265-271 (Text in Persian ).
Achenbach, T.M (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
Achenback, T. M., Edelbrock ,C. S (1978). The Classification of childpsychopathology:A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301.
Achenbach, T. M.& Rescorla, L. A (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlingron, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center of children,Youth&Families.
Akbas, N. B., Kilic, E .Z., Zahmacioglue, O., Atalay, H.& Goktuna, Z .(2015). Attention deficit and Hyperactivity Symptoms in a group of university students and relations with temperament and character profiles. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 28(3), 189-195.
Alizadeh, S., Abu Talib, M. B.& Rohani, A (2011). Relationship between parenting style and children's Behavior problems.Asian Social Science, 7(12), 195-200, (Text in Persian ).
Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., Jiménez, S., Segalàs, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Jaurrieta, N., Labad, J., Vallejo, J., Cardoner, N. & Pujol, J (2008). Personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relation to clinical variables. Psychiatry Research, 157, 159-168.
Bosmans, G., Braet,C., Van Leeuwen, K.& Beyers,W (2006). Do parenting Behaviors predict Externalizing behavior in Adolescence or is Attachment the neglected 3rd factori?.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 373-383.
Brown, I.& Percy, M (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to intellectual and Developmental. London/Pow.H. Brookes.
Chronis_Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Perez_Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A. Diaz, Y & et al (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predict lifetime Social anxiety Disorder in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child& Adolescentpsychiatry, 42(9) , 928-935.
Cloninger, C. R. (1991). Brain networks underlying personality development. In B. J. Carroll&J. E. Barrett(Eds),Psychopathology and the brain, New York Raven Press, 183-200.
Copeland, W., Landry, K., Stranger, C. & Hudziak, J. J (2004). Multi-informant Assessment of Temperament in children with Externalizing behavior problems. Journal of clinical child and Adolescent psychology, 33(3), 547-556.
Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Reiser, M., Spinard, T. L., Michalik, N. M., Valiente, C., Liew, J.& Sallquist, J (2012).Relations over time among children's shyness,emotionality,and internalizing problems. Us national library of medicine, 21(1), 109-129.
Guney, E., Senses Dic, G., Eseri, E., Senay Guzel, H., Sener, S. & Yalcin, O (2013). Temperament and character Dimensions of adolescents and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Anadolu psikigatri Derg, 14(4), 362-368.
Hiramura, H., Uji, M., Shikai, N., Chen, Z., Matsuoka, N.& Kitamura,T. (2010). Understanding externalizing behavior from children's personality and parenting characteristic. Psychiatry Research, 175, 142-147.
Kakabaraei, K., Habibi Asgarabad, M.& Fadaei, Z (2007). Normalizing YSR behavioral problem scale: self-assessment version, Journal of research in health psychology, 1(4), 51-66(Text in Persian ).
Kaviani, H (2007). Biological Theory of Personality, Tehran: Mehr Kavian(Text in Persian).
Kessler, R. C., Tatchiu, W., Demler, O., Walters, E. E (2005). Prevalence, Severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV Disorders in the national comorbidity Survey Replication.Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
Lu, X., Chen , Z., Cui, X., Uji, M., Miyazaki, W., Oda, M., Nagata, T., Kitamura, T. & Katoh,T (2012). Effect of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety: A prospective study of a japanese youth population. Journal of depression research and treatment.Doi:10. 1155/2012/604684.
Meleqari, M. G., Nanni, V., Lucidi, F., Russo, P. M., Donfrancesco, R.& Cloninger, C. R (2015). Temperamental and character profiles of preschool children with ODD,ADHD,and Anxiety disorder. Compr Psychiatry, 58, 94-101.
Muhtadie, L., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N.& Wang, Y (2013). Predicting internalizing problems in Chinese children:The unique and interactive effects of parenting and child temperament. Development and psychopathology, 25(3), 653-667.
Nery, F. G., Hatch, J.P., Nicoletti, M. A., Monkul, E. S., Najt, P.& Matsou, K (2009).Temperament and Character traits in major depressive disorder:influence of mood state and recurrence of episodes. Journal of depression and anxiety , 26(4), 382-338.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. & Fisher, P (2001).Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394–1408. doi:10. 1111/1467-8624.00355
Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E (2006).Temperament.In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Salik, M. J. (2013). Differential prediction of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology from Temperament and parenting.A Dissertation Presented in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy. Arizona State University.
Williams,L. R., Degnan, K. A., Perez_Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S., Steinberg, L.& Fox, N. A (2009). Impact of Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Style on Internalizing and Externalizing Problem from Early Childhood throughAdolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,DOI 10. 1007/S10802-009-9331-3.
Yazdi, S. M., Khosravi, Z.& Rahim-Jamarani, H (2015).Comparing attachment, differentiation and assertiveness in people with and without anorexia, Journal of psychological studies, 11(4), 23-36(Text in Persian ).
Zappitelli, M. C., Bordin, I. A., Hatch, J. P. Caetano, S. C., ZuntaSoares, G., Olvera, R. L.& Soares, J. C (2013). Temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: A case-control study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 353-364.
Zargari Nejad, Gh.& Yeke-Yazdan-Doost, R (2007). Study of the effects of parents on behavioral problems of children with ADHD, Journal of psychological studies, 3(2), 29-48(Text in Persian ).
 
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Abolghasemi, A., Bahari, M., Narimani, M. & Zahed, A (2011).Relationship netween trait and temperament dimensions and schizophrenic symptoms in males, Treatment, 15(4), 265-271 (Text in Persian ).
Achenbach, T.M (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
Achenback, T. M., Edelbrock ,C. S (1978). The Classification of childpsychopathology:A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301.
Achenbach, T. M.& Rescorla, L. A (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlingron, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center of children,Youth&Families.
Akbas, N. B., Kilic, E .Z., Zahmacioglue, O., Atalay, H.& Goktuna, Z .(2015). Attention deficit and Hyperactivity Symptoms in a group of university students and relations with temperament and character profiles. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 28(3), 189-195.
Alizadeh, S., Abu Talib, M. B.& Rohani, A (2011). Relationship between parenting style and children's Behavior problems.Asian Social Science, 7(12), 195-200, (Text in Persian ).
Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., Jiménez, S., Segalàs, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Jaurrieta, N., Labad, J., Vallejo, J., Cardoner, N. & Pujol, J (2008). Personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relation to clinical variables. Psychiatry Research, 157, 159-168.
Bosmans, G., Braet,C., Van Leeuwen, K.& Beyers,W (2006). Do parenting Behaviors predict Externalizing behavior in Adolescence or is Attachment the neglected 3rd factori?.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 373-383.
Brown, I.& Percy, M (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to intellectual and Developmental. London/Pow.H. Brookes.
Chronis_Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Perez_Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A. Diaz, Y & et al (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predict lifetime Social anxiety Disorder in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child& Adolescentpsychiatry, 42(9) , 928-935.
Cloninger, C. R. (1991). Brain networks underlying personality development. In B. J. Carroll&J. E. Barrett(Eds),Psychopathology and the brain, New York Raven Press, 183-200.
Copeland, W., Landry, K., Stranger, C. & Hudziak, J. J (2004). Multi-informant Assessment of Temperament in children with Externalizing behavior problems. Journal of clinical child and Adolescent psychology, 33(3), 547-556.
Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Reiser, M., Spinard, T. L., Michalik, N. M., Valiente, C., Liew, J.& Sallquist, J (2012).Relations over time among children's shyness,emotionality,and internalizing problems. Us national library of medicine, 21(1), 109-129.
Guney, E., Senses Dic, G., Eseri, E., Senay Guzel, H., Sener, S. & Yalcin, O (2013). Temperament and character Dimensions of adolescents and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Anadolu psikigatri Derg, 14(4), 362-368.
Hiramura, H., Uji, M., Shikai, N., Chen, Z., Matsuoka, N.& Kitamura,T. (2010). Understanding externalizing behavior from children's personality and parenting characteristic. Psychiatry Research, 175, 142-147.
Kakabaraei, K., Habibi Asgarabad, M.& Fadaei, Z (2007). Normalizing YSR behavioral problem scale: self-assessment version, Journal of research in health psychology, 1(4), 51-66(Text in Persian ).
Kaviani, H (2007). Biological Theory of Personality, Tehran: Mehr Kavian(Text in Persian).
Kessler, R. C., Tatchiu, W., Demler, O., Walters, E. E (2005). Prevalence, Severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV Disorders in the national comorbidity Survey Replication.Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
Lu, X., Chen , Z., Cui, X., Uji, M., Miyazaki, W., Oda, M., Nagata, T., Kitamura, T. & Katoh,T (2012). Effect of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety: A prospective study of a japanese youth population. Journal of depression research and treatment.Doi:10. 1155/2012/604684.
Meleqari, M. G., Nanni, V., Lucidi, F., Russo, P. M., Donfrancesco, R.& Cloninger, C. R (2015). Temperamental and character profiles of preschool children with ODD,ADHD,and Anxiety disorder. Compr Psychiatry, 58, 94-101.
Muhtadie, L., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N.& Wang, Y (2013). Predicting internalizing problems in Chinese children:The unique and interactive effects of parenting and child temperament. Development and psychopathology, 25(3), 653-667.
Nery, F. G., Hatch, J.P., Nicoletti, M. A., Monkul, E. S., Najt, P.& Matsou, K (2009).Temperament and Character traits in major depressive disorder:influence of mood state and recurrence of episodes. Journal of depression and anxiety , 26(4), 382-338.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. & Fisher, P (2001).Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394–1408. doi:10. 1111/1467-8624.00355
Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E (2006).Temperament.In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Salik, M. J. (2013). Differential prediction of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology from Temperament and parenting.A Dissertation Presented in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy. Arizona State University.
Williams,L. R., Degnan, K. A., Perez_Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S., Steinberg, L.& Fox, N. A (2009). Impact of Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Style on Internalizing and Externalizing Problem from Early Childhood throughAdolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,DOI 10. 1007/S10802-009-9331-3.
Yazdi, S. M., Khosravi, Z.& Rahim-Jamarani, H (2015).Comparing attachment, differentiation and assertiveness in people with and without anorexia, Journal of psychological studies, 11(4), 23-36(Text in Persian ).
Zappitelli, M. C., Bordin, I. A., Hatch, J. P. Caetano, S. C., ZuntaSoares, G., Olvera, R. L.& Soares, J. C (2013). Temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: A case-control study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 353-364.
Zargari Nejad, Gh.& Yeke-Yazdan-Doost, R (2007). Study of the effects of parents on behavioral problems of children with ADHD, Journal of psychological studies, 3(2), 29-48(Text in Persian ).
 
Journal of Psychological Studies
Volume 12, Issue 3
December 2016
Pages 7-26

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